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FIBER FOR HEALTH
Fiber consists of the starches, gums, pectins and cellulose-like compounds as well as
the starches that are not absorbable, which make up the "tissues" of plants. At
first glance, fiber may seem a little boring compared to some of the herbs and hormones
popular in the press these days, but its properties truly are remarkable.
We eat far too little fiber. Official agencies like the FDA, the National Academy
of Sciences, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the American Cancer Society, all agree
that our daily intake of fiber should range from 25 to 35 grams per day for adults. Yet,
most of us eat less than 10 grams. Fiber comes in two forms: soluble-found in many fruits
and beans, and insoluble--found in the hulls of grains, seeds, skins of fruits and
vegetables. Some foods like oats and psyllium contain both types. It is easy to see why
most of us do not obtain enough fiber from our diets, which are usually low in fruits,
vegetables, whole grains.
One valuable effect of fiber is mechanical: adequate intake decreases the
transit time of food traveling through our digestive tract. Fiber absorbs water, so stools
are naturally larger, softer and easier to be moved through. Faster transit time means
less contact time for toxins and a reduced risk of colon problems. Stool does not collect
in out-of-the-way areas of the bowel, so there is less chance of infection developing.
And, with less straining required to pass a softer stool, the probability of developing
hemorrhoids is usually reduced.
At the same time, soluble fiber delays stomach emptying. This in turn delays and spreads
out the absorption of sugar, resulting in a more normal pattern of insulin secretion as
well as better control of blood sugar. Fiber also binds cholesterol and bile in the
digestive tract, preventing their reabsorbtion and re-circulation. If less cholesterol is
absorbed, its level in the blood goes down. The liver makes bile from cholesterol and
if more bile is lost in the gut, the liver will use up cholesterol to replace the bile,
again resulting in lower cholesterol levels.
Fiber also binds and reduces the absorption of dietary fat, which can help with
weight control. Decreased fat absorption also means decreased absorption of fat
soluble toxins and this may help to explain a decreased risk of breast and prostate
cancer with higher fiber intake noted by some researchers. Fiber stimulates the
secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin, which alerts the brain that we've had enough to
eat. High fiber meals also tend to be bulkier and contain fewer calories.
A diet high in fiber promotes the production of short chain fatty acids, which in turn
results in a more acidic colon and a healthy population of "friendly" bacteria. This
facilitates detoxification and bolsters our natural defenses against parasites and fungi.
Finally, through its beneficial effects on weight, cholesterol and glucose metabolism,
higher fiber intake is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. If
you are not already consuming 25 to 35 grams of fiber each day, take the necessary steps
now to do So. This is one of the easiest and most important things you can do to make a
dramatic impact on your overall health!
FDA OK's PSYLLIUM HEALTH CLAIM
The labels of products containing soluble fiber from psyllium seed husk can now carry a health claim stating that the food, when consumed as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. However, labels of foods made with certain forms of psyllium must carry an additional statement advising consumption with sufficient liquid. Acting on a petition filed by the Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, MI, the FDA authorized the health claim in February as an amendment to an existing regulation published in January 1997. That ruling addresses health-claim labeling for products containing soluble fiber from whole oats. FDA's ruling states that, to carry the health claim, products must provide at least 1.7 grams of soluble fiber from psyllium seed husk per serving. Because products containing dry or incompletely hydrated psyllium may be difficult to swallow, the FDA also ruled that labels on such foods accompany the health claim with a statement that the food should be consumed with adequate amounts of liquid. The statement further advises that individuals with difficulty swallowing should avoid eating the food. Prior to authorizing the amendment, the FDA reviewed several scientific studies showing that a daily intake of 10.2 grams of psyllium seed husk (about 7 grams of soluble fiber), in conjunction with a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, consistently resulted in significantly lower serum cholesterol levels. The 1.7 grams amount required for the health claim, multiplied by four eating occasions per day, equals the 7 grams-per-day intake level cited in the studies.
FIBER HELPS LOWER HARMFUL CHOLESTEROL
More and more researchers are becoming believers in the importance of dietary fiber and
its role as our first line of defense against high cholesterol. Now, a new study from
Mexico suggests that adding two well-known fibers, oat bran or psyllium, to your diet may
help lower levels of harmful cholesterol.
A study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition (1998;17:601-608),
included sixty-six men ages twenty to forty-five. Each of them consumed cookies containing
one of three different fibers: oat bran, psyllium or wheat bran. In addition, the
researchers counseled all the men on ways to reduce the amount of fat in their diets and
encouraged them to eat less meat.
After eight weeks, those who ate the oat bran cookies had reduced their LDL, or
"bad" cholesterol levels by an average of 26 percent. Those in the psyllium
group experienced an almost 23-percent drop. And, although wheat bran is not regarded as a
fiber of much value in lowering cholesterol levels, even those in the wheat bran group saw
a lowering of about 8 percent in their blood stream levels of LDL. Other than fiber, the
researchers found no significant differences in the eating habits of the three groups of
men.
IMPORTANCE OF DIETARY FIBER
SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE
Generally speaking, fiber is not digested or absorbed, as it tends to be resistant to digestion by intestinal enzymes. Dietary fiber is categorized as one of two types: "soluble" or "insoluble." It is estimated that 65 to 75% of dietary fiber in our diet is "insoluble." The soluble fibers form a gel-like consistency in water and are found in foods like beans, corn, oats, barley, peas, Brussels sprouts, lentils, carrots, cabbage, okra, apricots, prunes, dates, blackberries, cranberries, seeds, apples, bananas, citrus fruits, psyllium, certain gums and seaweed, to name a few. Insoluble fiber may be found in bran (the outer covering of corn, oats, rice, wheat), whole grains (corn, barley, rice, wheat, oats), cereals, edible skins of fruits and vegetables, celery, brown rice, and some vegetables.
AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
Current U.S. Government recommendations advocate generous increases in dietary fiber. These come from a variety of agencies working cooperatively. -They include the United States Food and Drug Administration, which is concerned with overall health and safety and the United States Department of Agriculture, which is the creator of the dietary "Food Pyramid." These agencies are supported by the National Academy of Sciences under which operate the Institute of Medicine and its Food and Nutrition Board, which generates the Recommended Daily allowances or Daily Values of nutrients. Various professional societies and advocacy groups such as the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association provide input as well. Other examples are the American Dietetic Association, the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute and others. Needless to say, there has been a lot of interest in this health supporting substance-fiber.
BENEFITS OF FIBER
Fiber is generally associated with protecting against colon cancer, with the suggestion
that increasing fiber intake about an additional 13 grams per day could reduce over 30%
of colorectal cancer in the U.S. Some, but not all, published evidence suggests a possible
reduction in the risk of breast cancer when adequate amounts of fiber are included in
the diet. Researchers are evaluating fiber's role relative to cancers at other sites,
including the male prostate. Dietary fiber may play several roles relative to diabetes,
including potential effects on satiety, obesity and the absorption of certain sugars.
Fiber could play a role in preventing cardiovascular disease owing to its effect on blood
cholesterol levels, especially where initial levels are high. Some studies have found an
inverse relationship between fiber and myocardial infarction (heart attack). Low-fiber
diets may be associated with development of diverticular diseases in the colon.
Studies suggest that soluble fiber may tend to reduce the stomach emptying time of the
foods we eat, which means the food passes through the stomach much faster. The same is
true in our intestinal tract. It may reduce blood levels of cholesterol, including
LDL's-low density lipoproteins-the "bad" cholesterol in our bloodstream.
Insoluble fiber, on the other hand, may tend to add bulk to the stool, and expedite
passage through the gastro intestinal tract. Fiber can also help you eat less by
providing a sense of fullness, thereby possibly helping in weight management by helping
you control the quantity of food you eat.
It is also believed that soluble fiber may slow digestion and absorption of carbohydrates,
possibly helping to prevent wide swings in blood sugar levels. This could also be a factor
in achieving a sense of fullness, especially when you consider that fiber may hamper
the absorption of calorie-dense dietary fat, too.
IMPORTANT CLAIMS ALLOWED BY THE FDA
Diets low in fat and rich in fiber-containing grain products may reduce the risk of
some types of cancer. - Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fiber,
particularly soluble fiber, may reduce the risk of heart disease. 9 Diets low in fat and
rich in fruits and vegetables, which may contain fiber or vitamin A (as beta-carotene) and
vitamin C, may reduce the risk of some cancers.
Foods with soluble fiber from whole oats may reduce heart disease risk when eaten as part
of a diet low in saturated fat. - Labels of breakfast cereal and other foods containing
soluble fiber from psyllium seed husk are permitted to include claims that they may reduce
the risk of coronary heart disease with a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol.
MORE FIBER NEWS -- Researchers have known for years that fiber lowers cholesterol and help prevent colon cancer. They have now discovered that adding fiber to the diet helps reduce the chance of having a heart attack. Eating 20-35 grams of fiber a day (about two large bowls of wheat bran cereal) cuts the risk of having a heart attack by 20%. Eating 10 more grams of fiber reduces the risk by even more. An easy, and tasty way to add fiber is to eat 3-1/2 oz of air-popped popcorn, which contains 15 grams.
WHILE ON THE SUBJECT -- Looking to add more fiber into your diet? Try Tropicana's Pure Premium Plus Fiber orange juice. Each 8 oz. cup has as much fiber as a whole orange.
FIBER INFO -- An easy way to add fiber to your diet is to start eating fruit that is unpeeled instead of peeled. Wash apples, nectarines, peaches, pears and plums thoroughly before eating.
GET YOUR VITAMINS -- One kiwi supplies more dietary fiber than a bowl of bran flakes. It also has generous amounts of potassium and vitamin C.
ADDED FIBER -- The soluble fiber psyllium can lower your cholesterol by up to 8%. It's found in bran and other cereals.
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